Seagrass epiphytic assemblages are strong indicators of agricultural discharge but weak indicators of host features

Weak and strong sustainability indicators and regional environmental resources

Weak sustainability indicators often suffer from their unrealistic and inadequate assumption of substitutability between natural capital and man-made capital. Defining sustainable development in these terms is almost trivial; measurement problems as well as methodological and sociological issues may be considered as major flaws of operationalizing weak sustainability indicators. On the other ha...

Epiphytic Lichens: Their Usefulness as Bio-indicators of Air Pollution

Lichens are used as effective monitors to detect low-level air pollution which may affect different flora and fauna communities. Epiphytic lichens have been widely recognized as effective eco-friendly bio-monitors for detection of metal deposition on trees, rocks and bare ground. This article is concerned with the use of lichens in bio-monitoring of air pollution, how the lichens do recognize a...

Research output indicators are not productivity indicators

Selection of multiple seagrass indicators for environmental biomonitoring

The need to monitor the environmental condition of ecosystems worldwide has resulted in a large number of potential bioindicators being proposed in the scientific literature. However, only a few have been validated at an adequate scale to monitor environmental problems and to solve management questions. Here we compiled a list of candidate seagrass indicators (n = 59) obtained from the literatu...

a generalization of strong causality

در این رساله t_n - علیت قوی تعریف می شود. این رده ها در جدول علیت فضا- زمان بین علیت پایدار و علیت قوی قرار دارند. یک قضیه برای رده بندی آنها ثابت می شود و t_n- علیت قوی با رده های علی کارتر مقایسه می شود. همچنین ثابت می شود که علیت فشرده پایدار از t_n - علیت قوی نتیجه می شود. بعلاوه به بررسی رابطه نظریه دامنه ها با نسبیت عام می پردازیم و ثابت می کنیم که نوع خاصی از فضا- زمان های علی پایدار, ب...